Notes How Steinbeck develops the character of Curly’s wife Essay

Notes for controlled assessment: Examine how Steinbeck develops the character of Curly’s wife. INTRO. Develops through different themes and emotions through book. Introduced through males eyes negatively. Gives reader impression she is promiscuous and dangerous. ‘Tart, jailbait, tramp. First appearance in book describes her as flirtatious/temptress. As book progresses the views on the character change from initial perception. Tries to exert some power in the hierarchal structure on the ranch (Crooks). Above all is crying out for attention and company, loneliness seals fate. Themes in order: 1. No name/negative image. 2. Attractiveness/attention. 3. Loneliness. 4. Tragedy/victim/women in 1930s. 1. Introduced to the reader through the eyes/opinions of the males. Quote. Not once mentioned to have a name. Defined by her relationship, not an individual. No real meaning, existence no real identity. Disrespectful. Echo’s how women were treated in 1930s hierarchy (explain). No opinions/rights on matters; could’ve led to feelings of loneliness and victim of discrimination. Quote. Is above Crooks & uses that power. Quote. Sausages. Quote. Fashionable but described unattractive & negative. The way in which she talks. Quote. Portrayed as weak & delicate. Powerless. 2. Young. Probably doesn’t intentionally mean to come across as a tramp or tart. Bored, has nobody to talk to. Her sexuality, provocativeness & the way she portrays herself as a temptress leaves her considered dangerous. Attractiveness is her weapon, no use as no one likes her. Wears red. Quote. Red nails. Brazenness. Reminds reader of Weed & foreshadows things to come (death). In red when introduced and red when killed. Change of description at death. Quote. Sweet, young and innocence. Uses it for attention. Gets the wrong kind of attention. All because of loneliness. 3. From the start Steinbeck uses irony. Soledad/Spanish/solitude. Loneliness, isolation & seclusion how she feels. Quote. Wants company, lonely, doesn’t receive love and affection she needs/a young girl would want. Doesn’t understand why nobody will speak with her. Quote. Only female on the ranch. Demonstrates inner feelings, reader sympathises. Quote. In the end finally confides in someone, Lennie, leads to death. 4. Loneliness leads to her tragic death. Possible foreshadowing of death through loneliness- explain. Nobody will talk but then when Lennie does it results in her death Quote in a way putting her out of misery. Introduced as a girl quote no powerful presence from start, girl gives impression of vulnerability. Surrounded by all males/only female on ranch. Death that of tragedy as she tells of bright future promised quote felt betrayed by family to then settle with Curly. Women had no real career opportunities, heartbroken to end up a housewife like the rest, trying to live the ‘American Dream’ had hope and very nearly independence. CONC

Placement Tests & Proficiency Tests Essay

Imagine that you are responsible for admitting students to an English language school. Design a simple interview based on 20 personal questions for the student about his job, family, school or country. Begin with simple grammar and vocabulary and develop more complexity by the conclusion. This is to follow the school ´s placement test to confirm its results. 1. Placement Tests & Proficiency Tests I. I would start by asking the student to answer in full sentences if they can. For the purposes of this assignment I am assuming these students are adult learners. The questions I would ask are; 1. How are you? 2. What’s your job? 3. What are some of your responsibilities at work? 4. Do you play sports? 5. How long have you played that? (sport from the previous question) 6. Are there any sports/hobbies you would like to try? 7. How often do you watch movies? 8. What kind of movies/music/tv do you like? 9. Please tell me about your family 10. Do you have any pets? 11. What did you do at the weekend? 12. How long have you been studying English? 13. If you could travel to another country, where would you like to go? 14. What did you do/Where did you go on your last vacation? 15. Tell me about your hometown†¦what is it called, city/country 16. What are your plans for the next weekend? 17. When is your birthday? 18. What did you do/get last birthday? 19. Can you drive/play a musical instrument/speak any other languages? 20. If you could meet any person, living or dead, who would you like to meet? Look online for information about TOEFL iBT at ets.org. Conduct a mini-research project. Summarize pertinent information about this test,  including its purpose, form and audience. TOEFL iBT: The TOEFL iBT ® test, administered via the Internet, is an important part of your journey to study in an English-speaking country. In addition to the test, the ETS TOEFL Program provides tools and guides to help you prepare for the test and improve your English-language skills. The TOEFL iBT test measures your ability to use and understand English at the university level. And it evaluates how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks. Purpose: The purpose of the TOEFL iBT test is to evaluate the English proficiency of people whose native language is not English. The TOEFL iBT scores are primarily used as a measure of the ability of international students to use English in an academic environment. The Test (TOEFL iBT) evaluates all four language skills that are essential for effective communication: reading, listening, speaking and writing: Reading – measures the ability to understand academic reading matter.  · Listening – measures the ability to understand English as it is used in colleges and universities.  · Speaking – measures the ability to speak English. Responses are recorded and scored by human graders.  · Writing – measures the ability to write in a way that is appropriate for college and university course work. The TOEFL iBT contains an added 20-minute essay along with the current 30-minute essay. Form: www.ets.org/s/toefl/pdf/iBT_reg_form.pdf 2013–14 TOEFL iBT ® Registration Bulletin (PDF) 2013–14 Bulletin Supplement for Test Takers with Disabilities or Health-related Needs (PDF) Audience: More than 27 million people from all over the world have taken the test to demonstrate their English-language proficiency. The average English skill level ranges between Intermediate and Advanced. Students planning to study at a higher education institution English-language learning program admissions and exit Scholarship and certification candidates English-language learners who want to track their progress Students and workers applying for visas Who should take it? Students planning to pursue their Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree: International students who wish to pursue undergraduate study at an American college or university have the option of taking the TOEFL ® iBT. In some instances, the institution will waive the TOEFL ® iBT if a student has completed Level 112 of ELS’ English for Academic Purposes program. If the institution does not waive the TOEFL ® iBT, the student must attain a certain minimum score on the exam in order to gain acceptance to the college or university. Students should check with the institution to find out what minimum score it requires on the TOEFL ® iBT. Students planning to pursue their Master’s degree or Doctorate International students who wish to pursue graduate study at an American college or university can take the TOEFL ® iBT. Most graduate schools require a minimum score on the TOEFL ® iBT as well as the Graduate Record Examination ® (GRE ®) or the Graduate Management Admissions Test ® (GMAT ®). Students may take ELS test prep programs for the GRE ® or the GMAT ® at Level 110 and higher—or if they meet other requirements. To learn more about entry requirements for either test prep program, click the links for each test Business Students Students entering the Business English Program must attain a minimum score on the TOEFL ® iBT, TOEIC ®, or IELTSâ„ ¢ exams, or achieve an advanced level on the ELS Pre-Arrival Test. Notes about TOEFL iBT: TOEFL iBT is approximately 4 hours long. Each section of the test has a time limit. The Reading section has new questions that ask test takers to  categorize information and fill in a chart or complete a summary. There is no longer a Structure section. Grammar is tested on questions and tasks in each section. Lectures and conversations in the Listening section are longer, but note-taking is allowed. In fact, note-taking is allowed throughout the entire test to help test takers answer the questions. The TOEFL iBT integrated approach requires that the students be proficient in note taking. The speech in the listening material sounds more natural, and one lecture per test is spoken with a British or Australian accent. There are also new multiple-choice questions that measure understanding of a speaker’s attitude, degree of certainty, and purpose. The Speaking section is new, and includes both integrated and independent tasks. Integrated task are questions that require use of mo re than one skill at a time: – read, listen, then speak in response to a question – listen, then speak in response to a question – read, listen, then write in response to a question Look online for information about TOEIC at ets.org. Conduct a mini-research project. Summarize pertinent information about this test, including its purpose, form and audience. The Test of English for International Communication is produced by ETS (Educational Testing Service). There are two separate parts to the TOEIC test. You can do one or both parts. 1. The Listening and Reading test is a paper and pencil test that takes 2.5 hours and is taken at a test centre. 2. The Speaking and Writing test is an online test that is taken in a test centre and takes 90 minutes. The Speaking and Writing test is a new test which is only available in some countries. Purpose: TOEIC evaluates the level of one’s command of English appropriate for the further work in the sphere of business (global workplace). Form: wie.ac.nz/download/TOEIC_Application_Form.pdf www.hau.gr/?i=examinations.en.toeic-application-form testprep.about.com †º Education †º Test Prep †º Registration Info Audience: This test is intended for Academic Institutions, the Workplace and Test Takers. The TOEIC ® tests: Help businesses build a more effective workforce Give job seekers and employees a competitive edge Enable universities to better prepare students for the international workplace TOEIC focuses on the English language, which prevails in the business sphere and global workplace. It consists of 200 multiple-choice questions, which are to be answered in 2 hours. The possible score results vary from 10 to 990 (5-495 for listening comprehension and 5-495 for reading comprehension). TOEIC test questions are based on real-life work settings in an international environment (meetings, travel, telephone conversations, etc). Score reports provide accurate, meaningful feedback about a test-takers strengths and weaknesses, along with a description of the English-language strengths typical of test-takers performing at various score levels. This allows employers to: Relate test scores to the tasks employees may perform on the job Use the descriptions to inform critical hiring and placement decisions Select the employee with the English-language abilities the job requires ETS’s ongoing research helps ensure that the TOEIC tests are accurate and relevant to today’s changing global workplace, which helps internationally competitive companies hire, place and promote the right candidates year after year. TOEIC test scores provide accurate, reliable measurement of English  proficiency — they can be compared regardless of where or when the test is administered. ETS ensures standardized test conditions give test takers equal opportunity to demonstrate proficiency. Test administrations adhere to strict guidelines to ensure a consistent and fair test-taking experience. A scoring process held to the highest quality-control standards results in the most reliable and valid scores available. Look online for information about IELTS at ielts.org. Conduct a mini-research project. Summarize pertinent information about this test, including its purpose, form and audience. The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) assesses the English language proficiency of people who want to study or work where English is used as the language of communication. IELTS tests are held in over 900 locations across the world with tests up to four times a month. IELTS tests all four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking. The IELTS Speaking test is a face-to-face interview with a certified Examiner. It is interactive and as close to a real-life situation as a test can get Purpose: IELTS measures ability to communicate in English across all four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking – for people who intend to study or work where English is the language of communication. Form: www.ielts.org/PDF/IELTS_Application_Form_November2011.pdf Audience: This test is designed for non-native speakers. IELTS is required by higher education institutions and various programs in UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. IELTS (International English Language Testing System) is the world’s most popular English language test. More than 2 million IELTS tests are taken each year. Taking IELTS opens doors – it can help you live, study and work around the world. More than 8,000 organisations worldwide accept IELTS, including government, academic and employment institutions. In fact, IELTS is the only English language test accepted for immigration purposes by all countries that require one. Classroom Tests and Quizzes 1- Decide if the following tests meet the criteria for good tests. Explain why they do or do not. A – You will give your class a chapter test of 25 questions. The test was announced during the chapter review for the following day. I don’t think that this test meets the criteria for a good test, because it is too little time for the students to prepare themselves well enough. B – You ´ve just decided to give the students a 10-minute test because you ´re the substitute teacher and need some time to get things organized before starting class. It’s not a good idea to give students a10 minute test as a substitute teacher for any reason. The only time it would be okay is if the actual class teacher gives you the go ahead, otherwise you may just be testing students on the incorrect material or work. C – It ´s Wednesday and you ´ve just finished a reading passage and tell the students they will need to be able to summarize the main points of it in a test on Friday. This situation is fair, because the students will have enough time to ask any relevant questions about the reading to make sure that they understand it completely and be well prepared for summarizing. D – At the end of the term you will require your class (of 20 students) to answer a 200-question objective test as well as two essay style questions in 300 words (minimum) each. Such situations would meet the criteria for good tests because the students all have an entire term to prepare themselves by practising with examples of objective tests and appropriate essay. E – You ask your class to produce a list of 10 words they learned on their own outside of class and use each in a sentence to show their mastery of the word. I think that this is one of the best ways of expanding the vocabulary of all students, and (even the teacher every once in a while) it is perfect for students to also practise their grammar as well as spelling. All of this allows the students to see their own progress. Therefore, this does meet the criteria. 2 – Create a 10-question gap fill (fill in the blank) exercise based on any topic: vocabulary, grammar, etc. Complete each sentence with the appropriate conjunctions. because, unless, therefore, either†¦or, still, neither†¦nor, although, not only†¦but also, but, both†¦and, when, whether†¦or, though†¦yet 1) Marie and Joseph did not want to leave _________________ they would miss the animals on the farm. 2) Mrs. Saber did not like the roast she prepared,  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­_______________ everyone else enjoyed it. 3) Mr. and Mrs. Saber will not move to the city _______________there is a very goo reason to do so. 4) _____________ Marie and Joseph are city dwellers, they __________ visit their parents’ farm every now and then. 5) The hen went back to sleep ____________ Mr. Saber was not looking. 6) Canada is ____________ a big country _____________ very cold in winter. 7) Carly said to Mel, â€Å"____________ you are mistaken _____________ I am.† 8) The students in Mrs. Peters’ class ___________ love ____________ respect her. 9) The Simpsons do not mind _________ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­___ they stay _________ move to another house. 10) â€Å"Things are __________ good ___________ bad; only thinking makes them so,† a teacher said to Bob, who had a puzzled look on his face. 3 – Create a 10-question cloze exercise on any text. Instructions: Provide the correct answer for each question. NOTE: Choose your answers from the words at the bottom of the page. On the 25th of January, we decided to go hunting. All  things ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­______ ready in the car, a Range Rover with  four-wheel drive ________began on Thursday afternoon, and it took us ___________hours by car. We reached the place we were looking for __________ 5:15 P.M. First, we ____________the tent, then we made ____________and had a few minutes of _____________. After __________, we left to go on ____________ hunt. We hunted using a ___________. at, coffee, falcon, fixed, head, hours, minutes, rest, that, three, to, were

Adaptation As A Natural Instinct In The Movie Cast Away

Adaptation As A Natural Instinct In The Movie Cast Away Adaptation is a natural instinct that all living beings have, but only to a certain extent. In the movie Cast Away, the protagonist named Chuck Noland, is forced into adapting to an environment, which is nearly impossible to survive on for more than a few weeks. He finds himself stranded on an isolated, tropical island after a disastrous plane crash kills all passengers but him. He remains trapped on the island for four years, and does so with the help of three important things. Initially, it is the picture of his girlfriend Kelly that motivates him to survive to get back to her. Secondly, it is a volleyball named Wilson, which served as a link to society as well as his only friend. Lastly, and the most important aspect which exemplified his adaptation, was his large and crucial character change. A pocket watch Kelly gave him just before his flight tellingly represents his loss and his new understanding. In it he keeps her picture, like a shrine to his hopes for leaving the island. However, the pocket watch no longer keeps the time, because time stands still for Chuck. He has nowhere else to be, no longer a schedule to keep. With Kelly in mind, Chuck strives to survive and adapt to the land in order to get back to Kelly. Although Kelly is rarely seen in the movie, she played a key role in Chucks mind. Her photo was his motivation on the island to survive; it was the last thing he saw before bed, and the first thing he saw when he awoke. Secondly, one of the most notable aspects of the film is the volleyball named Wilson. Wilson was inside a parcel from the plane, and when Chuck discovers it, he immediately connects to it. His lack of human contact causes him to turn to Wilson, the painted with a face as his only friend and he is in constant conversation with it. One of Chucks ways to adapt to his new environment is to allow himself to be comfortable, and regain a sense of recognition. In this case, Wilson plays an important role in keeping Chuck, somewhat, sane during his stay on the island. Taking up conversation with a ball is what many would consider insane, but in Chucks case this is an ideal way to cope with the segregation from the rest of the world. It is Wilson who saves Chuck from insanity by waking up his emotions. Chuck is a man driven by time used to often tell his fellow FedEx employees, Time is our enemy. He didnt even have the time to propose properly to his girlfriend, and its almost as if the movie suggests Chuck has lost a sense of how to put his time to good use. When Chuck lands on the deserted island, he is finally forced to rethink his priorities, and quickly learns that his old value system is inadequate. His main concern is suddenly practical, and his skills in his old life are basically irrelevant to survival in his new one. The isolated setting of the island served as a contrast to the previous hectic world he used to live in. The drastic character change Chuck goes through demonstrates the effect of the island on him. Initially, on the island, he is frustrated when he cannot start a fire, or catch fish. It is clear that he is placed in a world that he is not familiar with, and does not know what to do with himself. As the years pass, he becomes skilled at catching fish, making fires, and even performing dentistry on himself. Basically, Chuck gains the appearance of a cave man, and has dropped half his weight. He has adapted to the island life, although not necessarily content with his new life, he is no longer a blabbering mess. Time was the only thing he had. When he was rescued from the island, he understands he must cherish, and be grateful for his life with Kelly, only to find out she has moved on. Although it took a four-year endurance on a deserted island, Chucks character has gone through a drastic change, and now realizes the importance of life and loved ones. Clearly, there are many factors that lead one to survive such an extraordinary situation as being stranded on an island, and three important things mark Chucks adaptation to his new world. First, Chucks girlfriend helps him through his though ordeal on the island by her presence is his mind and a picture he keeps of her. Another thing that assists in Chucks survival and adaptation is his friend Wilson, the volleyball, by connecting him back to the familiarity of society and his emotions. Finally, through a great change in appearance and character, Chuck shows how adaptation to an unfamiliar world can alter who a person really is. Ultimately, the movie Cast Away is a prime example of human adaptation, and how it can go beyond alls expectations when faced with motivation.Ã ¦

Fluid Mechanics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fluid Mechanics - Essay Example If the dimensions b and d of the immersed surface are 8.00 ft and 12.00 ft and the vertical distance is 10.00 ft., the magnitude of the resultant force on one side of the immersed surface is, 3. As indicated in examination Figure 1, assume that b = 27.00 in., d = 63.00 in., and h = 5.00 ft. The static moment of the immersed rectangular surface with respect to an axis in the surface of water, in feet to the third power. 4. As indicated in examination Figure 1, a rectangular plate is immersed in water in a vertical plane with its top and bottom edges horizontal. If b = 3.00 ft, d = 7.00 ft. And h = 2.00 ft, the vertical distance from the surface of the water to the center of pressure of the immersed surface is 5. A trapezoidal surface having the dimensions shown in Examination Figure 2 is immersed in fresh water with its top edge horizontal and at the surface of the water. The resultant force on one side of the immersed surface is 7. The formula to determine the moment of inertia of a rectangular surface with respect to a horizontal line drawn through its centroid is _________, where the surface’s width runs parallel to the line through the centroid. 8. a symmetrical trapezoid plate has the following dimensions. The width of the parallel are, respectively 2.50 ft. and 4.50 ft.The perpendicular distance between those sides is 1.50 ft. The plate is submerged in a liquid in a vertical position with the parallel sides horizontal and the shorter parallel side at the top and exactly even with the surface of the liquid. The moment of inertia of the plate with respect to the surface of the water would be, 9. a new cast iron pipe for conveying water from one reservoir to another has a diameter equal to 8.00 in., and the length is 5400.00 ft. The head tending to cause flow is 40.5 ft. If the velocity head and minor loses of head can be neglected, the rate of discharge, in cubic feet per second, computed by using the Chezy-Darcy

America in Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita Research Paper

America in Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita - Research Paper Example So much of the consumer society must have been a shock to him, after the deprivations of wartime in Europe, and yet he identified very strongly with many features of his new home. Sweeney quotes Nabokov saying to a journalist in 1966 â€Å"I am as American as April in Arizona† (1994, p. 325) and links this curious alliterative statement with the period when Nabokov and his family lived in Arizona in the Spring of 1953: â€Å"On sunny afternoons that April (and all day long during one rainy week) Nabokov worked at telling one story in particular: Lolita, his most acute observation of America’s beauties and vulgarities, the most cunning, incisive and poetic American novel of this century. (Sweeney, 1994, p. 328). Lolita is set in working class provincial America, and its characters speak the idiom of that milieu. The object of his desire is a world weary twelve year old and Humbert indulges her love of vulgar and transient aspects of American culture: â€Å"Mentally, I found her a disgustingly conventional little girl. Sweet hot jazz, square dancing, gooey fudge sundaes, musicals, movie magazines and so forth.† (Nabokov and Appel, 1991, p. 148)The character of Humbert is portrayed as an immigrant of French origins, and in this character Nabokov plays out part of himself, quoting the narrative style of the realist novelist Flaubert in French with the phrase â€Å"Nous connà »mes† and contrasting this learned reference with the tacky motels that they visit (Nabokov and Appel, 1991, pp. 145-146). He sees the tackiness that is on offer as something faintly ridiculous, but uses it as a means to ingratiate himself with Lolita: â€Å"we had to buy its Indian curios, dolls, copper je welry, cactus candy. The words ‘novelties’ and ‘souvenirs’ simply entranced her by their trochaic lilt† (Nabokov and Appel, p. 148). Humbert merges his own intellectual delight in the language with Lolita’s love of trivia. Through her he learns to both love and hate

HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

HR - Essay Example This is because according to Westphal and Fredickson (2001), management is a complex phenomenon that entails both an art and a science, revolving round the utilization of human resource and human capital to achieving organizational goals. As an art, management can be said to be the practice of making people more effective than they would naturally be in the absence of any management in place (Tushman and Nadler, 2009). Meanwhile, the twenty-first century has become a very challenging and competitive century for all organizations, businesses and companies to be more effective (Armstrong and Overton, 2007). The need for competitiveness is because the world is now a global village and so any company operating in any part of the world finds itself competing with all other companies in the same industry (Argyris and Schon DA. 1996). With such kind of competition, the best way to ensure survival is through the maximization of human resource, which the definition makes clear, can only be ac hieved through management. What is more, the science in management has been said to manifest in the various ways in which management is performed. In this regard also, it would be said that the twenty-first century comes with so much opportunities for leaders to be highly dynamic in the science of management, consolidating the continual growth of management. Why management will not die anytime soon Generally, management will not die anytime soon in the twenty-first century as Koch & Godden (1996) claim because the principles and pillars on which management strives continue to be important and even more important in the twenty-first century than they were before. These four pillars have been identified by Tushman and Nadler (2009) as being planning, organizations, directing and monitoring. Van (2006) notes that planning is the process of identifying what an organization would need in the short to long term basis and putting in place structures to ensure that those needs are met, whil es identifying the cost and benefits that will come with achieving those goals. Generally, proper planning has been said to prevent poor performance. The debate that management will die soon in the

Human Resources Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resources Management - Research Paper Example Diverse workers are more like to indulge into dysfunctional interpersonal conflicts for the same reasons. In organizations with diverse workforce, human resource management frequently encounters the challenge of groupism and polarization. Workers belonging to the same community or those that can identify with one another because of a common basis or interest tend to have their own preferences and criteria that are different from those of the rest. In a vast majority of cases, this tendency of the diverse workforce functions against the interests of the organization as a whole. Such moves by the workers also distract others from taking the necessary measures to obtain the goals that are valued by the organization as others tend to be defensive and protect their own interests. This makes maintaining discipline in such an organization very difficult for the human resources management. In an organization with a diverse workforce, the organizational culture is so complicated that it is of ten very difficult to reach decisions with mutual consensus. Decision making is complicated substantially that leads to poor productivity and eventually lesser profitability of the organization. ... Racial polarization at the workplace can have dangerous implications on the organization. For example, one issue that racial polarization can pose for the recruitment is fair judgment of the skills of the candidates. In organizations with a diverse workforce, a monopoly commonly exists. Employees tend to be biased toward workers belonging to them because of one or more of these factors; race, ethnicity, nationality, culture, and religion. An organization needs highly talented workers in order to progress in the present increasingly competitive market. If the preference of the recruiters is to hire workers that they can identify with because of any of the aforementioned factors rather than skills, talent, and competencies of the candidates, it may have many negative implications for the organization as a whole. Sexual harassment Sexual harassment of workers is a potential issue in organizations that have a diverse workforce with respect to gender. Workers of one gender tend to be sexu ally offensive toward their colleagues, subordinates, and even bosses belonging to the other gender. Offense is made in a variety of forms ranging from inappropriate behavior, abuse, bullying, to proposal of sex. Most of the times, workers who are victimized are in a compromising position either because they lack the courage to bring the issue into the attention of the concerned authorities or they have no hope of getting justice. Many workers feel the risk of losing their jobs if they do not grant sexual favors to their seniors. Sexual harassment is tiring and stressful for the workers emotionally, physically, and psychologically. Sexual harassment is traumatic in effect

Cultural Mosaic on the Buddhist Culture Research Paper

Cultural Mosaic on the Buddhist Culture - Research Paper Example But the Buddhist view of education is a lot more open-ended and fluid. Also, while there are fundamental tenets upon which Buddhist education system rests, they only serve as an aid to the student in discovering truths for himself. In other words, while the Western educational model has at its core the principle of ascertaining truth through rational inquiry and systematic experimentation, the Buddhist model espouses the principle that introspection through meditation will lead to the ultimate truth. (Haskett, 2005, p.192) Moreover, it is integral to Buddhist culture to put the ‘collective’ good ahead of ‘individual’ excellence. Notwithstanding these basic differences, one could still incorporate certain norms, customs and cultural aspects of Buddhist education into American schools. This essay will show that not only is this exercise feasible but also rewarding for the educators and students involved. A key feature of the Buddhist education system is its sp iritual dimension. In fact, the seeking of spiritual truth is a cornerstone of Buddhist culture. The Buddhist system attempts to prepare students to transcend the scientific realm and into the spiritual realm. School administrators in America might find it challenging to encourage students on spiritual quest alongside the emphasis on scientific inquiry. Moreover, in the spiritual realm, objectives tend to be vague and instructions difficult to comprehend. But a simple means by which the esoteric sounding spiritual quest can be incorporated in the American classroom is by breaking it down into common social principles such as co-operation and compassion. In other words, school curricula in the United States could give grade points for students for their social skills and their willingness to help fellow students. The Buddhist system sees education as a component of a student’s social life, as opposed to being distinct to it. (Tat Chia, 2009, p.122) In this scenario, ‘edu cation as competition’ would be replaced by ‘education through sharing of knowledge and experience’. A similar point is made even by some Western scholars like Daniel Goleman, who underscore the importance of Emotional Quotient (EQ) alongside the development of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) for overall healthy personality development. The spate of campus shootouts in recent years in America clearly indicates some fundamental flaws in the schooling system. By embracing the Buddhist principle of ‘non-violence’ and inculcating it in students will mitigate the occurrence of such shoot-outs. Non-violence aligns closely with virtues of co-operation and compassion. (Shin, 2010, p.33) American schools can include biographical sketches of world leaders renowned for the message of non-violence. These would include Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr., etc. A study of their life examples is an effective method for instilling the value of non-viol ence in American students. The Buddhist education system emphasizes reverence for the mentor/teacher. Conventionally, having evolved in a monastic setting, the chief monk would be regarded by students as an enlightened soul whose guidance is sought after at each stage of learning. It would also serve the interests of students in America if they make it the norm to pay more respect to their teachers. The most prominent of contemporary Buddhist teachers, His Holiness The 14th Dalai

Globalization and the World's poor Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globalization and the World's poor - Term Paper Example Though globalization caused major positive changes in the economy, society and business, it has also been argued that globalization increased the numbers of poor worldwide. This piece of research paper presents a brief analysis on various theories of globalization and explains its impacts on world’s poor. Conceptual Framework and forces of Globalization Globalization is the process of social, political, cultural, economic and technological integration between countries. From the economic point of view, globalization refers to the increasing interdependence between national economies, business enterprises and markets. The term globalization refers to the intensification of world-wide social and economic relations that link distant countries or regions in a way that local happenings are shaped by event elsewhere. Salvatore (2005, p. 17) argued that globalization is inevitable because of that consumers around the world are increasingly demanding products and services to converge their requirements. Firms are to outsource parts and components from wherever in the world and they must invest their capital and technology wherever they are highly productive so that they can remain internationally competitive. The major four driving forces of globalization are detailed below: 1- Global Market Forces As and when enterprises globalize, they too become global customers and this increases the potential for global markets. Hill (2004, p. 6) noted that globalization of markets refers to the merging of historically distinct and isolated national markets in to one huge global market place. Due to globalization, people across the world have gained access to quality goods and services from aboard and companies were forced to seek materials, technology and labor from other countries. A company that goes global requires purchasing of required materials and therefore it becomes a customer of another company. The concept of globalization of market state that markets are global ized since enterprises that went global required to meet specific as well as common requirements of its customers and hence they too became customers of foreign markets. The underlying concept was that the tastes and preferences of people in different nations were to converge on some global norm and thereby helping to create a global market place. 2- Global Cost Forces Dornier, Ernst and Fender (1998, p. 77) emphasized that globalization has also been driven by the comparative cost advantage of some countries in various inputs to the manufacturing process. Raw-materials, labor and technology are major inputs and they are often cheaper in some countries as compared to that of some other countries. Reducing unit costs and achieve economies of scale is a management goal. Globalizing products and services is one means of achieving such economies of scale so that production costs can be reduced. 3- Technological Forces Technology changes almost everyday and this has tremendously been imp acting the pace and effectiveness of the business. A business that can use latest technology for manufacturing and marketing a particular product will be more able to meet customers’ requirements as their tastes and preferences are largely influenced by the technology advances. Using latest technology thus has become an integral part of global strategic approach for achieving sustainable

A report for a new business venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A report for a new business venture - Essay Example This traditional practice of metal work or goldsmith has evolved into a multi- billion dollar industry that produces jewelry in common and rear objects and minerals (Erick, 1982). Currently in the UK there are very few companies that have venture into this business due to the professionalism and capital that is required. For one to successfully venture into this business he or she needs a strong capital base and a loyal customer of whom the products can be constantly sold to. In terms of competition, the industry has stiff competition since the products are not among basic commodities and therefore implies that the market is small because of the few number of people who can afford the product. However, for this particular business venture we will tend to use common materials and objects to create our product to limit on the cost of production as well as the price of the commodity. We intend to lower the price of our jewelry products to make them affordable to all our customers. There is a lot of competition in the jewelry business due to the limited amount of customers who are interested or can afford the jewelry products. In the UK most of this companies are large scale companies who mostly make their products from rare minerals such as gold and diamond. In order to beat the existing competition, our business will majorly focus on fabricating jewelry from common materials such as rocks and crystals that are easily available. This will reduce the cost of fabricating the jewelry and in turns lower the prices or our products which will enable our business to cover a large market including those consumers with very low purchasing power (Team, 2013). For a startup, the business will have just a few employees but with excellent skills of fabricating jewelry from the rocks and crystals (Erick, 1982). The rocks and crystals will be collected from farms and some of them will be bought from rock collection stores. The materials will then be fabricated

What is Holocaust Revisionism Essay Example for Free

What is Holocaust Revisionism Essay The term â€Å"holocaust denier† is applied to those who prefer the terms â€Å"revisionism† or â€Å"revisionist. † Holocaust historians avoid using it to describe themselves and revise the aspects of the Holocaust. Holocaust historians in the revisionism belief that in Germany there was a breakout of typhus carried by lice and other diseases that spread throughout the camps and by having to treat camps with pesticide zyklon was the main reason there were causes of death. In that theory, it hadn’t anything to do with the extermination of the Jews nor was there even camps but were all evacuated or shut down which there wasn’t any evidence found. During the war the Jews were moved to Eastern Europe and were allegedly exterminated and not in Germany or Western Europe. Around 1940, the Germans were only one of the several involved in moving and the Soviets deported Jews out of Poland and entered to occupied West Germany. A Holocaust Revisionism Historian would have you believe there was no significant evidence of extermination. The claim of the legend is that there were no technical means provided for the specific task of extermination, and that means originally provided for the specific task of extermination, and that mean originally provided for other purposes did double duty in improvised arrangements† (The Journal of Historical Review, 2pp). Holocaust deniers ignore the evidence and insist that it was a myth. That it is because â€Å"Jews spread this myth as part of a grander plot intended to enable the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and now to gander continuing support for the state of Israel† (Lipstadt, pg. 27). Holocaust Historian Revisionism argues that evidence showed no proof of Hitler having signed a document ordering the Holocaust, documents were forged and language in the documents were completely misrepresented. Holocaust deniers make out uncertainty of exact number of deaths. They like to point out what is called the â€Å"other side of the issue† and make debate of an illegitimate historical fact. In the United States where it ensures freedom of speech and that it’s not against the law to make denial of the Holocaust, however countries such as Germany and France criminalize the denial of the Holocaust and have banned any Nazi publications. The assertions of Holocaust deniers play no role in genuine historical debates. Holocaust denial is really about anti-Semitism and irrational politics, not history or justice† (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2007). 2. A complete anti-Semitism statement made from writer Dan Gannon in an article published in 1994 entitled â€Å"Schindler’s List Exposed as Lies and Hate† which he makes a comment about the movie. â€Å"Commander Goeth shooting inmates from the front balcony of his house were complete fabrications and deliberate lies† (Gannon, 1994). In Gannon’s opinion the movie itself is fabricated for example, the camp is rebuilt and is surrounded on a steep hill and not visible where any outsiders can see any inmates. Commander Goeth is shooting working inmates in the camp. Therefore, the camp being visible through wire fences, commander Goeth couldn’t have shot inmates from the balcony as the house is at the bottom of a hill where you can’t see into the inmate’s camp. The camp’s location was next to a city called Cracow on a major highway and is visible from hundreds of houses in 3 surrounding villages. Most exchanges and conversations, and all events are based on the detailed recollections of Schindler Jews or Schindler himself and of other witnesses† (Keneally, 1982). Historical methods are facts that events can be proven by using evidence. The facts lead to analysis and interpretation. Revisionism is nothing more than an act of â€Å"revising† something that already exist or mostly applied to historical events. Revisionists investigate, analyze, and revise their conclusions based on facts or revise the facts based on their conclusion. They in other words, defend a conclusion whether or not the facts support it. Revisionists argue that the entire holocaust was a conspiracy theory because survivors lied, evidence by the Nazi’s was falsified, photographs and films were fraudulent. Revisionist stand on, if any survivor evidence can be shown to be wrong it should be dismissed. â€Å"History is the recorded narrative of past events, especially those concerning a particular period, nation, individual, etc. It recounts events with careful attention to their importance, their mutual relations, their causes and consequences, selecting and grouping events on the ground of their interest or importance† (Funk Wagnall, p. 599). Anti-Semitism criticizes Jews as a group and culture or hatred for the Jews as people. â€Å"Anti-Semites, however, progress over that critical step beyond dislike to pathology, hating Jews for being Jews† (Volknian, Watts, pg. 10). When the term â€Å"anti-Semitism† is casually used to silence those who are critical of the government of Israel and its policies. The revising of the Second World War is a work in progress by Russian and Germany or known as the Russo-Germany conspiracy that wants the world to know that the Holocaust is propaganda. However, Red Army propagandist blamed the German army for crimes committed by the Soviets. The murders of six million Jews have become a subject of topic from the Revisionist, modern revisionism dates back from the First World War during this time where every globe was affected. Allied propaganda phased in where its mastery showed the images of horrifying atrocities. The majority of the atrocities accredited to the Germans and their allies were admitted by the politicians and journalists who fabricated them to have been falsifies. Within a decade Western and European countries proclaimed that Germany and its allies did not bear guilt on starting the war. In the 1940’s, Jews and communist condemned and spoke out against the unconceivable crimes the Germans had done. The extermination of millions of Jews in the camps were reported that victims were steamed, baked, electrocuted, gassed, eaten away by quicklime, starved, shot, buried alive, mauled by wild beasts, subjected to sadistic experiments, and injected with lethal chemicals or germs. What made prove of the Holocaust war crime were the Nuremberg trials during the 1950’s, in the trial where ex-Nazi war criminals admitted they had plan to exterminate the Jews. Repeated statements and speeches testified the planning to kill the Jews as an answer to annihilate all Jews by Nazi control. The six million figure estimate the number of Jews murdered, some evidence based on the estimates on demographics or any records. The approximate estimate 4. 8 to 6 million. The known trial in history where German war criminals were tried by judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Twenty-two German officers were tried for conspiracy, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity. It was best suggested that Nazi war criminals convict themselves by their own words. When the Nazi’s had destroyed almost all historical records, allied armies captured millions of documents and submitted 3,000 tons. Records of proud Nazi documentations of the invasion of World War II and graphic images of humiliation against Jews and other civilians and mass murder. The photographs represented powerful unforgettable visual evidence and which also included the â€Å"Stroop Report† an appendix of albums of photographs that documented the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto in 1943. Stroop’s forces captured 55,000 Jews and killed at least 7,000 and sent 7,000 to the Treblinka killing center. A number of these images were transmitted to American news agencies and in other countries, where it helped to inform the world of the horrors of Nazism. â€Å"It is this convergence of evidence, along with the documentary, scientific and photographic evidence, that is the most damming to the â€Å"revisionist† position† (The Holocaust History Project, 2006). Camps such as Treblinka, Belzec, Sobinor and Chelmno were indeed death camps for the purpose to murder Jews. Only about 7 Jews survived the Belzec extermination camp and 550, 000 were killed as it was also Himmler’s plan of action. There was â€Å"selection† process of which Jews would be murdered and which would work and then be murdered. SS doctors would inspect Jewish inmates as to where they’ll be able to work. 4. Zyklon B was the help of the extermination, although used to exterminate pests but preferably to exterminate Jews. The evidence that proved the death camps were Nazi documents, photographs, and statements that were given by survivors and Nazi officials. The bodies at the death camps were cremated, burned on open pits or buried, depending on the camp and what of the situation. A good testimony forms evidence. Auschwitz camp commander Rudolf Hoess made testimony to what he witnessed during his capture by the British. Allies received information from several Jewish escapees. Forensic examinations prove large areas of ashes, body parts and remains. Chief Waffen-SS Kurt Gerstein recollected the gassings at Treblinka and saw 10,000 Jews gassed in two days. Revisionist, however claim there was no such evidence of murders at Belzec and Treblinka. They therefore claim that either the figures are wrong, or the Holocaust, meaning the deliberate extermination of millions of Jews, cannot have happened† (World Almanac, pg. 289). Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel and survivor of the Holocaust has also been the founding Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council since the 1980’s, a tribute to Holocaust survivors. A professor at Boston University for much of his life has worked on behalf of oppressed people and defender of peace and human rights all over the world. Wiesel has been attacked on his views of what he witnessed in Holocaust camps as â€Å"holocaust deniers† claim that Wiesel and the Jewish Organization would assisnate those who tell the truth about the holocaust hoax and that their lies would be exposed. Wiesel is considered by â€Å"holocaust deniers† as a false witness who has told propaganda lies. Wiesel describes what he witnessed at Auschwitz of burning flames in a ditch were victims bodies were found. In Buchenwald, 10,000 persons were sent to their deaths each day. â€Å"Ellie Wiesel passes for one of the most celebrated eyewitnesses to the alleged Holocaust. Yet in his supposedly autobiographical book Night, he makes no mention of gas chambers. He claims to have witnessed Jews being burned alive, a story dismissed by all historians. Wiesel gives credence to the most absurd stories of other eyewitnesses. He spreads fantastic tales of 10,000 persons sent to their deaths each day in Buchenwald† (Faurisson, 2005). In Night, Wiesel describes his experiences and emotions of the oppression of the Nazis and the roundups of his family and neighbors in the Romanian town of Sighet where people were deported in cattle cars to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Between 1940 – 1945, Wiesel and his family were deported by the Nazis to Auswitz when he was age 15. His mother and younger sister were the first to vanish without a trace, he, his two older sisters, and father were transported to Buchenwald where his father died. Wiesel talks about the mental and physical anguish that he and his fellow prisoners experienced and the death march from Auswitz Birkenaw to the concentration camp at Buchenwald. In 1958, he wrote the book Night which has been translated in 30 languages and sold millions of copies. 5. Auschwitz has come to symbolize the greatest crime in human history† (Rudolf, Pg. 3). Yet the greatest and bloodiest genocide in which tens of millions were murdered or imprisoned. As the Russo-Germany preparation began in the 1920’s have unleashed genocide and annihilated Eastern Europeans from the 1930’s and into the 1940’s. Germany did not act alone in the Second World War as they jointed with the Soviets to invade Poland in 1939. Two countries that were neutral in history. The Holocaust has been an endless subject amongst philosophers, theologians, litterateurs, and historians. To dig up and investigate in more than half a century annihilation of millions of Jews by the Third Reich. Germans believe that the mass murders were carried out by the Soviets. Forensic research is what Revisionist called the search for material evidence in demand for such evidence is more decisive than eyewitness testimony or documentary evidence. Conspirators make the accusations of hundreds of Nazis were tortured into confessing crimes they never committed or to put the blame on other fellow Nazis and to implicate hundreds of documents in files that were never found until after the war. A number of Jewish scholars who admit that the evidence is in itself underprovided. The question remains of the photographs that were taken of dozens of piled emaciated bodies that a denier would claim that the photo does not tell the truth of what it actually shows but questions were the people gassed or starved? Did they face the typhus epidemic or starved due to a lack of food? Indeed, the victims were of German women and children killed by bombing raids and the pictures were passed off as dead Jews. Evidence that supports this that Allied soldiers collected the bodies of Germans and brought them to be photographed. At camp Belsen, Nazis did not make it a policy to feed prisoners. Other questions remains, could the Vatican have known about the executions of millions of Jews? Some evidence claims the Vatican would have been in position to know and would have done something about it. Although, some sources says the Nazis hatred for the Catholic church had executed many clergymen in Poland and other establishments. Revisions evidence would suggest that the amount of six million bodies would provide tons upon tons of ashes and there is no evidence of any large depositories of ashes. However, some sources would disagree that the bodies were incinerated and some were burned in mass graves and had been exhumed. The ashes had been dumped in fields and rivers, and surprisingly the means to be used as good fertilizer by Auschwitz farmers in their fields. Some sources range that there were about 300,000 to 500,000 or more than 3,000,000. In Auschwitz the proximity is 1. 3 million victims and in Treblinka about 800,000 victims. â€Å"The only evidence is the postwar testimony of individual â€Å"saviors. † This testimony is contradictory, and no â€Å"survivor† claims to have actually witnessed any gassing. There is no contemporaneous documents and no hard evidence whatsoever: no means of ashes, no crematoria capable of disposing of millions of corpses, no pile of clothes, no human soap, no lamp shades made of human skin, no records, no credible demographic statistics† (Zundel, pg. 7). 6. Revisionists fail to investigate the mass murders of the Holocaust, which they only could rely on substantial forensic evidence of past crimes and if they don’t consider the research for what really took place in Auschwitz then how could there be a realistic conclusion if they simply hold it up as a myth.

Report consisting of local, regional and national teams in football Essay Example for Free

Report consisting of local, regional and national teams in football Essay My local, regional and national football team is Tranmere Rovers FC; they currently have 26 members of their first team, which is managed by Ronnie Moore. They play in the Coca-Cola Football League One, which is basically the 2nd division excluding the premiership. In 1999, the sports market was valued at around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.17 billion, an increase of 4.9 per cent on the 1998 value. This means that football on its own makes nearly a quarter of the sports market now. The most successful avenue has been in the form of replica clothing and football shirts. This particular commercialisation of sports increases revenue for teams and is one of the major sources of income. A perfect example of this would be when Real Madrid bought David Beckham from Manchester United for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 million plus. This was a very high transfer price but Real Madrid were very clever because they knew that they would earn millions of pounds from replica kits bought because they had Beckham playing for them. Most premiership clubs now have superstores attached to their grounds where supporters can buy merchandise. Clubs can also expand their retail business to other countries, the top teams in the world have stores in Asia where football is very popular, even more so when they have Asian players in their team. Ji Sung Park who plays for Manchester United would have made them millions of pound in revenue from fans in Asia buying replica kits. Football over the past decade has become more and more about money. Teams who earn promotion to the Premiership can expect to earn up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 million through TV revenue and sponsors. The top teams who compete in continental competitions such as the Champions league can expect to earn as much as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 million more. The lower leagues do not have the luxury of this amount of money but they do receive TV revenue, but this is split between the leagues and is much lower than the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 million expected from premiership teams. Because Tranmere Rovers are a professional side, they can sell their replica shirts in the retail sector. These are priced at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½39.99 for the home kit and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½39.99 for the away kit and provide a considerable amount of revenue. Ticket sales are also another form of income that football clubs rely on, many of the top teams can earn as much as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 million per game dependent on the size of their ground. Main Stand Adults à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18 Young Persons (17-22) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13 Seniors (60+) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 Juniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 Paddock / Johnny King Stand Adults à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16 Young Persons (17-22) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11 Seniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 Juniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 Kop Stand Adults à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15 Young Persons (17-22) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 Seniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 Juniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 In 2006 Tranmere average attendance was 7,211 in league one. Their estimated gate receipts for a home game would therefore be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½129,798. In league 1 they play 23 home games so an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,985,354 a season is made from gate receipts. For the Financial year ending 30 June 2006 the club operated at a pre-tax profit of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½397,662. Advertising is another important financial investment that Tranmere Rovers use to increase revenue. The advertisement that is available around the ground is as follows; Perimeter board à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,500 per season Half page adverts in match day programs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 per season Full page adverts in match day programs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 per season Player sponsors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 Webpage advertisement à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 per month (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,600) per year Match day sponsor à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1200 for 16 guests Match ball sponsor à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½160 Tranmere can expect to make an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,760 from advertising each year through each individual offer. Sponsorship is a very important factor in the overall turnover in most professional football teams and Tranmere is no different. Tranmere rovers employ many individuals to help with the daily running of the club, organising events, finance, sponsorship, and many other duties to help with the squad. The club is run by these individuals; Chairman Lorraine Rogers Chief Executive Mick Horton Finance Director Richard Hughes Associate Director Tony Adams Associate Director Norman Wilson President Peter Johnson They employ a further 24 people that work behind the scenes at the club as well as the reserve team and youth team. Local Rugby The local rugby team I will discuss is Widnes Vikings, they currently have 29 first team players who are manages by Steve McCormack, they have 30 first team members in their squad In comparison to football, there is a lot less money involved in rugby league. But teams such as Widnes Vikings can still make money through advertising and merchandise. They compete in the National league 1 which is a division below the Super league. When they were relegated from the super league in 2005 they decided to remain a professional side rather than switch to amateur, this resulted in the club being in debt because they failed to achieve promotion to the super league. On 29 January 1999 Halton Borough Council took over responsibility for the entire Stadium, both financially and managerially. This was necessary as the joint venture companies arrangements were not performing as expected. This plunged the club into even more debt. Halton stadium can now hold 13,350; Widnes Vikings only have an average attendance of only 6,500. This is much lower than other clubs in the league and one of the main reasons could be the ticket prices. A season ticket can be up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½224.00 A normal match day ticket can be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16 This is much higher than other clubs in the league and this could explain the low attendances. Merchandising is also a major part of the Vikings revenue. They sell replica kits in many sport shops, these shirts cost up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30. Another avenue for revenue is advertising and TV revenue. Sky sports 1 regularly show live Widnes Vikings games during the season. The money from TV revenue is a much needed source of income for rugby league sides. The main people who run the club and deal with the business are as follows: Chief Executive: Peter Barrow Operations Manager: Patrick Cluskey Head Coach: Steve McCormack Assistant Coach: Andy Haigh Under 21s Coach: John Stankevitch Under 18s Coach: Dave Banks Strength Conditioning: Andy Haigh Player Performance Manager: John Foran Community Manager: Martin Davidson Community Development Officer: Rob Calland Bibliography www.widnesvikings.co.uk www.tranmererovers.premiumtv.co.uk www.wikipedia.co.uk Task B There are 3 different sectors that I will look at and how the organisation of sport is dictated. Voluntary Sector The voluntary sector is the largest sector for participation for sport in Britain. Most amateur clubs, like Sunday league football clubs are run on a voluntary basis and some voluntary clubs own their own facilities, but most of the amateur clubs hire out to train in. The facilities that these clubs hire out are usually hired from the public sector and this gives the voluntary clubs the chance to play sport. The voluntary sector is also linked to the private sector because they can have sponsorship from the private sector. The voluntary sector is funded by the members of there own club, for example in a football team you have to pay a signing on fee, pay for training facilities and pay match fees which usually covers the cost of team kit and the fee for the referee. Clubs can also apply for money grants from 4 different sources, which are the national lottery, national governing bodies, government and local authorities. Public sector The public sector is split up into 2 different governments which are central government and local government and each of these have many different jobs to do for sport. Local government invests à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.1 billion a year on British sport and focuses on providing equitable access to sport and recreation facilities and different opportunities for the public. Central government in funded by taxes, VAT and it also receives money from the national lottery. Its role in sport is to develop policies, passes laws, funds sports councils, which are UK sports council and then one sports council each for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Central government also distributes lottery money which then can be divided out to many plans, such as providing grants and to local governments. Central government has a different number of departments that are responsible for sport and they are the department for culture, media and sport (UK), the Northern Ireland of education and Welsh and Scottish offices. Private sector The main aim of the private sector is to provide a service for its customers and members while at the same time making a profit for the company. Individuals invest their own money in facilities. There are only 2 reasons why the private sector provides sports facilities and they are to make a profit off sport and to make a profit on their own investment. The areas private sectors are involved in-active sport (tennis, fitness suites), spectator sports (stadiums for football) and sponsorship. The private sectors, such as football clubs may run football camps involving the public sector to set it up with them, or football clubs might invite voluntary clubs to their training facilities and show them round the stadium. Money in football has increased dramatically since the introduction of the FA Premier league in 1992. The main reason for this is the TV revenue the teams earn by their games being aired live on TV, usually on Sky sports on Setanta sports. This is illustrated by the figures shown by Deloitte, club revenues of over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.4 billion in 2005-06 while is 2007/2008 it is expected to be above à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.8 billion. With the new three year deal Sky will pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.314 billion for 92 games and Setanta à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½392 million for 46 games. Foreign TV rights will produce à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½625 million in revenue whilst Internet and Mobile Phone revenue will be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½400 million. The top club in Premiership will receive à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50m (including prize money as well as TV revenue) compared to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30.4 million with the current deal. The new deals will, by a significant margin, provide the Premier League with the second richest set of television contracts negotiated by any sports league in the world. This is a lot of money for a business that started out in public schools in the late 80s, and there are a lot of drawbacks for the fans because of the media and the sponsorship deals such as: Rule changing Because the game is watched by millions of fans all around the world, on certain channels that have paid millions of pounds to be able to show, they can have the influence to change the rules. In 1994 the golden goal was introduced, this meant that if the game went into extra-time, the first team to score a golden goal would therefore win the game. It was introduced to the game to stimulate offensive tactics and flair by teams and effectively reduce the number of penalty shoot-outs.

Gas sensors on zinc oxide nanostructures

Gas sensors on zinc oxide nanostructures Introduction Gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxides are being widely used for sensing gases and vapors. The initial momentum was provided by the findings of Seiyama et al. in metal oxide-gas reaction effects in 1962. It was shown that the electrical conductivity of ZnO can be changed by the presence of reactive gases in the air. The merits of these sensors include their reliability, low cost and easy implementation. Nanostructures of metal oxides have been found to be most effective as gas-sensing materials at elevated temperatures. Very popular sensing materials are metal oxide semiconductors such as ZnO, SnO2, TiO2, and WO3. Generally the change of electric field (conductance, voltage, resistance or the change of piezoelectric effect) of the sensor is monitored as a function of the target gas concentration. Gas sensors normally operate in air, in the presence of humidity and interfering gases. A heated substrate membrane is fitted with gas sensitive nanostructured semiconductor material which generates electrical output signals once chemical reactions are initiated at their surface. A common property of all these detection reactions is that they require significant levels of thermal activation to proceed at a measurable rate. Nanostructures of semiconducting oxides are widely used for gas sensing due to their large surface area to volume ratio and possibility of complete depletion of carriers within nanostructures when exposed to gases. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reddish-brown, highly reactive gas that reacts in the air to form corrosive nitric acid as well as toxic organic nitrates. The major man made source of NO2 emissions is high-temperature fuel combustion in motor vehicles and industries. These emissions are primarily in the form of NO which gets oxidized in the atmosphere to NO2. The conversion rate depends on the ambient concentration of NO and O3. If O3 is present, the conversion is very rapid. Health and safety guidelines suggest that humans should not be exposed to 3ppm or more NO2 gas for periods longer than eight hours because of its toxicity. NO2 is a pulmonary irritant primarily affecting the upper respiratory system in human beings. Continued or frequent exposure to high levels of NO2 can cause inflammation of the lungs. Therefore, the development of a stable NO2 gas sensor that can detect extremely low concentrations of NO2 with high sensitivity and selectivity is highly desirable. Such a sensor can be used for environmental monitoring. It can also be used in an early warning system that detects the presence of NO2 before the critical concentration of NO2 is reached. In our work, we will develop a sensor for NO2 gas sensing based on our understanding in sensor mechanism and synthesis of ZnO nanorods, using simple hydrothermal methods. The various performance parameters of the sensor, namely gas selectivity, sensitivity, response and recovery time will be studied. The gas sensor test-bench developed in COEN (Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology), AIT, will be employed for characterizing the sensor performance. Chapter 2 Literature review This chapter is focused on the literature review of metal oxide based semiconducting nanostructures used for gas sensing. The working principle of metal oxide gas sensors, measurement methods and synthesis mechanisms is included in this review. Metal oxide nanostructures Metal oxides such as SnO2, WO3, TiO2 and ZnO possess high sensitivity to changes in their surrounding atmosphere at elevated temperatures. The sensing properties of metal oxides in form of thick or thin films have been studied to improve, by the addition of noble metals namely Pd, Pt, Au, Ag in terms of selectivity and stability. In 1991, Yamazoe showed that reduction of crystallite size caused a huge improvement in sensor performance. In a low grain size metal oxide almost all the carriers are trapped in surface states and only a few thermal activated carriers are available for conduction. From the point of view of device fabrication, first generation gas sensor devices were fabricated by thick film technology. Then the material fabrication processes improved towards the thin film technology. The fabrication process for thin film technology namely physical and chemical vapour deposition was highly automated and offers high reproducibility. The electrical properties of both thin and thick film sensors drift due to the grain porosity modification and grain boundary alteration. Several methods like addition of noble metals as catalysts or mixed oxides were put forward to improve the sensing performance of the gas sensors. The structural engineering of metal oxide nanostructured thin films proved to optimize the performance of these types of gas sensors. The various operating parameters such as response time, output signal, selectivity and stability can be improved and tuned through the optimization of the structure. Using structural engineering method, the various geometric parameters of metal oxide gas sensing matrix like grain size, agglomeration, film thickness, porosity can be controlled. The next forward step in gas sensing was achieved by the successful preparation of stable single crystal quasi-one-dimensional semiconducting oxides (nanorods, nanowires) leading to the third generation of metal oxide gas sensors. Working principle of metal oxide gas sensors Conductometric metal oxide gas sensors depend on changes of electrical conductivity due to the interaction with the surrounding atmosphere. The normal operating temperature of metal oxide gas sensors is within the range between 200  °C and 500  °C. The operating temperature should be high enough so that gas reactions occur in a time on the order of the desired response time and should also be low enough to avoid any variations in the bulk of the sensing matrix. The single crystal structure synthesized at temperatures higher than the operating temperature of the sensor shows high stability. Based on the study of a large range of oxides, the phenomenon of change in conductivity to the presence of reactive gases in air is common to oxides and not specific to a few special cases. If the conductivity is too high, then an effect is not expected and similarly if the conductivity is too low, then an effect will be difficult to measure. In practical applications, if an oxide sample has a resistivity between 104 and 108 Ocm at 300- 400  °C, then it will function as a gas sensor when heated to a temperature in this range. The sign of response (resistance increase or decrease) leads to a simple classification: gases can be classified as oxidizing or reducing and oxides can also be classified as p or n type. P-type oxides show a resistance increase in the presence of traces of reducing gases and resistance decrease to oxidizing gases. n-type oxides show opposite behaviour. This behaviour also correlates with the effect of changing oxygen partial pressure (PO2). Adsorption on surfaces The sensing mechanism in metal oxide gas sensors is related to ionosorption of species over their surfaces. The most important ionosorbed species when operating in ambient air are oxygen, water, carbon and its compounds. High concentrations of carbon can block surface sites of adsorption on a metal oxide. In the temperature range between 100  °C and 500  °C, oxygen ionosorbs over metal oxide in molecular (O2-) or atomic form (O-). Hence the study of adsorption is of fundamental importance in the field of sensors. Physisorption In this weakest form of adsorption like van der waals forces, no true chemical bond between the surface and adsorbate (or reaction species) is established. This bonding is mainly due to the induced dipole moment of a nonpolar adsorbate interacting with its own image charges on the polarized surface. The bonding energy is rather weak in the order of 0.1 eV. Chemisorption Chemisorption corresponds to the creation of chemical bonds between the adsorbate and surface and results in the electronic structure perturbation. In gas sensors, the target gas may be chemisorbed or physisorbed on the surface. When the gas species adsorb on the surface, molecules are either dissociated or diffused in the sensitive layer. Based on the Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) and Electron Paramagnetic study (EPR) studies, at lower operating temperatures, oxygen is considered to be adsorbed in molecular form (either as neutral O2 (ads) or charged O2(ads) 2- ) due to its lower activation energy. At higher temperatures it dissociates into atomic oxygen (either neutral O(ads) or singly ionized (charged) O(ads)- or doubly ionized O2(ads)- ). Finally at very high temperatures the loss of lattice oxygen (first surface and then bulk) takes place. When a reducing gas like CO comes into contact with the surface. These consume ionosorbed oxygen and in turn change the electrical conductance of metal oxide. The overall effect is a change of the density of ionosorbed oxygen that is detected as an increase of sensor conductance. Direct adsorption is also possible for the gaseous species like strongly electronegative NO2, which decreases the sensor conductance. NO2 absorption on tin oxide surfaces was studied by temperature programmed desorption measurements and found that the adsorbates originating from NO2 are the same as those from NO, as NO2 molecule dissociates easily over the tin oxide surface. These adsorbates can be divided into three types, two nitrosil types (Sn NO+ and Sn NO- ) and the nitrite type Sn O-N=O. The nitrite type does not play any role in gas sensing since it is not involved in any electron exchange with the bulk of the semiconductor. In practical applications, gas sensors are normally expected to operate in air, in the presence of humidity and interfering gases. In such cases, for operating temperatures in a range of 100 to 500  °C, at the surface of the sensitive material various oxygen, water and carbon dioxide related species are present. Some gas species form bonds by exchanging electrical charge with specific surface sites and others may form dipoles. Dipoles do not affect the concentration of free charge carriers and so they have no impact on the resistance of sensitive layer. Fig.1 explains the simplified case of adsorbed oxygen ions and hydroxyl groups bound to an n-type metal oxide semiconductor. These adsorbed ions cause a band bending while the dipoles change the electron affinity when compared to the state before the adsorption .The changes of the work function (?F) are determined by band bending (qVs due to ionosorption) and changes in the electron affinity () due to building of dipoles at the sur face (M d+ OH d-). Ec, Ec,s Energy level representing the bottom of the conduction band and at the surface respectively. Ev, Ev,s Energy level representing the top of the valence band and at the surface respectively. Evac vaccum level, EF Fermi level, ÃŽ ¦ Work function, χ Electron affinity. Sensor Characteristics The characteristic of a sensor is classified into static and dynamic. Static characteristics can be measured when all the transient effects of the output signal have stabilized in to steady state. Dynamic characteristics tend to describe the sensors transient behavior. Static characteristics Sensitivity Sensitivity is the ratio of incremental change in the output of the sensor to its incremental change of the measurand in input. For example, if we have a gas sensor whose output voltage increases by 1 V when the oxygen concentration increases by 1000 ppm, then the sensitivity would be 1 mV/ppm. Generally, the sensitivity to the target gas is defined as the percent reduction of sensor resistance. Sensitivity (%) = [(Ra- Rg) / Ra] Ãâ€"100, where Ra is the value of initial equilibrium resistance in air and Rg is resistance in the presence of a target gas. For convenience sometimes the sensitivity of gas sensor is expressed as the ratio of resistance in air over resistance in gas for reducing gases (Ra/Rg) and resistance in gas over resistance in air (Rg/Ra) for oxidizing gas. Selectivity The sensors ability to measure a single component in the presence of others is known as its selectivity. For example, an oxygen sensor that does not show a response to other gases such as CO, CO2 is considered to be selective. Selectivity = (sensitivity of gas1/sensitivity of gas2) Selectivity of the sensor is assessed by the ratio of sensitivity between the gases that is of interest to be detected over the gases that are uninteresting for detection in equivalent concentrations. To improve selectivity to specific gases, sensor array technology is also being adapted. Stability and Drift The sensors ability to produce the same output value when measuring a fixed input over a period of time is termed as stability. Drift is the gradual change in the sensors response characteristics while the input concentration of the gas remains constant. Drift is the undesired and unexpected change that is unrelated to the input. It may be attributed to aging, temperature instability, contamination, material degradation, etc. For instance, in a gas sensor, gradual change of temperature may change the baseline stability, or gradual diffusion of the electrodes metal into substrate may change the conductivity of a semiconductor gas sensor. Repeatability It denotes the sensors ability to produce the same response for successive measurements of the same input, when all operating and environmental conditions remain constant. Reproducibility The sensors ability to reproduce responses after some measurement condition has been changed. For example, after shutting down a sensing system and subsequently restarting it, a reproducible sensor will show the same response to the same measurand concentration as it did prior to being shut down. Hysteresis It is the difference between output readings for the same measurand, when approached while increasing from the minimum value and the other while decreasing from the peak value. Response Time The time taken by a sensor to arrive at a stable value is the response time. It is generally expressed as the time at which the output reaches a certain percentage (for instance 95%) of its final value, in response to a stepped change of the input. At the onset, the response time is very fast, followed by a long drawn tail before reaching steady state value, thus the response time are often expressed as 50% or 70% of the final time. Recovery time is defined as the time that the sensor takes to recover its resistance from exposed condition to the baseline value after target gas is cut out from the environment Dynamic Range or Span The range of input signals that will result in a meaningful output for the sensor is the dynamic range or span. All sensors are designed to perform over a specified range. Signals outside of this range may cause unacceptably large inaccuracies, and may even result in irreversible damage to the sensor. Dynamic characteristics The dynamic characteristics of a sensor represent the time response of the sensor system. The various important dynamic characteristics of sensors are discussed below, Rise time Rise time is defined as the time required by the sensor response to change from 10% to 90% of it final steady state value. Settling time It is the time taken by the sensor response to settle down to within a certain percentage of the steady state value. Influence of contact electrodes on sensor performance The contact electrodes used in gas sensors can have both electrical and electrochemical roles. For thin compact films, contact resistance plays an important role as dominant factor in overall resistance. The contribution of contact resistance is also extremely important for the case in which individual nanorods, nanowires or nanobelts are used as sensing layers. These electrodes are generally made of metals. They can also be fabricated from materials such as conductive polymers or conductive metal oxides. Although the concept of resistance change of the sensitive material when exposed to target gas is widely known, the overall resistance of the sensor depends not only on the gas sensing material properties but also on parameters such as transducer morphology, electrode etc. When the sensitive layer consists only of a compact continuous material and the thickness is larger than the Debye length, it can only partly depleted when exposed to target gas. In this case, the interaction does not influence the entire bulk of the material. Two levels of resistance are established in parallel and this fact limits the sensitivity. Thin layer will be the better choice which can be fully depleted. The representation shows the influence of electrode-sensing layer contacts. Rc is resistance of the electrode-metal oxide contact, R11 is the resistance of the depleted region of the compact layer, R1 is the equivalent of series resistance of R11 and Rc, and the equivalent series resistance of SRgi and Rc, in the porous and compact situations, respectively. Rgi is the average inter-grain resistance in the case of porous layer, Eb minimum of the conduction band in the bulk, qVs band bending associated with surface phenomena on the layer, and qVc also contains the band bending induced at the electrode-metal oxide contact. Improvement of selectivity by surface modifications Mixing metal oxides with Metals that function as catalysts Binary compounds and multi-component materials Doping are the most common methods used to enhance the gas sensing performance of metal oxide gas sensors. These additives can be used for modifying the catalytic activity of the base oxide, favoring formation of active phases and improving the electron exchange rate. The interaction of gas with the sensing material, resulting in the gas sensitivity, is determined by the chemical properties of the sensor surface. Different surface atoms can be introduced on the surface of the metal oxide sensors. This surface modification leads to new chemical reactivity and enables the sensor to be operated at low temperatures. Nanoscale particles of noble metals (Pd, Pt, Au and Rh) and oxides of other elements (Co, Cu and Fe) deposited on the surface of metal oxides can act as surface sites for adsorbates and promoters for surface catalysis. They create additional adsorption sites and surface electronic states and as a result gas sensitivity, selectivity, rate of response can be altered. For achieving high gas response, the noble metal should create optimal conditions for both electron and ion (spillover) exchange between surface and reacting gas species. The nature of noble metals, their oxidation state and their distribution on the surface are determining factors in gas sensor sensitivity and selectivity. To attain the homogenous distribution of noble metal on the surface is very difficult. Surface morphology has a significant effect on the shape and distribution of catalysts. Noble metal clusters have a tendency to accumulate at step edges and kinks of metal oxides during their deposition. Catalysts based on noble metals can be poisoned by many organic and inorganic chemicals that contain sulphur (H2S, SO2, thiols) and phophorus. The excessive thickness of catalytic active additives can change their functions, turning into either shunting layer or active membrane filters, obstructing the penetration of detecting gas in the surface of gas sensing matrix. At certain conditions this quality can also be used for an improvement of gas sensors selectivity. It has been studied that the incorporation of additional phases (different oxides) in nanocrystalline systems in small quantities can change the conditions of base oxide growth. SnO2 doped with Nb (0.1 4 mol%) causes a decrease in crystallite size from 220 nm for pure SnO2 to about 30 nm for Nb (0.1 mol%) doped samples. The additional influence observed due to doping is the change in film resistance. SnO2 doping by Nb and Sb in the range of 0.01 and 1.0 mol% during sol-gel preparation and annealed at 900  °C leads to film resistance decrease of 100 to 1000 times respectively, while doping with In resulted in a rise in film resistance by a factor of 100. The effect of doping on gas sensing properties of metal oxide gas sensors is different from the catalytic activity of these additives. Improvement of selectivity by operating conditions The sensor material may be operated at a comparably wide range of operating temperatures (300 900  °C) leading to different thermal energies for the surface reactions, differences may be attained by selecting the operating temperature, leading to a variation in gas sensitivity. A more improved version of this idea is to continuously increase or decrease the operating temperature of a given sensor and to continuously measure the variation of conductivity. This technique is known as temperature transient operation which gives more information in case of gas mixtures. To realize selective gas detection, sensor arrays are also constructed where several sensors showing different patterns of gas sensitivity are selected and simultaneously operated. A simple technique to obtain an array using one sensor is to modulate the operating temperature to different levels. Excessive increase of operating temperature may lead to a considerable drop of gas sensitivity. Moreover increasing working t emperature can create conditions, where gas response will then be determined by change of bulk properties of material. Improvement of response and recovery time of gas sensors A high speed gas switching system can be used to improve the response of the gas sensor. Yamazoe et al. studied the response and recovery properties of SnO2 porous film gas sensors using a high speed gas switching system. The developed system allows the rapid replacement of the gas atmosphere in the chamber between air and H2 (or CO). It was reported that the response speed of the sensor was fast, reaching a response time of less than 0.5s at 350  °C. The rates of diffusion and surface reactions of these gases (H2 and CO) in the porous sensing film are high enough for the sensor to reach a steady state within a short time. However the resistance in air did not reach the original value by repeated switching. This incomplete recovery was attributed to the slow desorption of H2O and CO2 formed on SnO2 by the surface reaction of H2 and CO respectively. Synthesis of 1-D metal oxide nanostructures Metal oxide nanostructures synthesis methods are broadly categorized as Solution phase synthesis method, where the growth process is carried out in liquid. Since aqueous solutions are used, this process is otherwise termed as hydrothermal growth process. Gas phase synthesis method uses gaseous environment in closed chambers. The synthesis is carried out at high temperatures from 500  °C to 1500  °C. Zinc oxide (ZnO) ZnO is wide bandgap (Eg = 3.4 eV) II VI compound semiconductor which has a non-centrosymmetric wurtzite structure with polar surfaces and lattice parameters a = 0.3296 and c = 0.52065 nm. The structure of ZnO can be described as a number of alternating planes composed of tetrahedrally coordinated O2- and Zn2+ ions, stacked alternatively along the c-axis. The tetrahedral coordination in ZnO results in piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. The oppositely charged ions produce positively charged (0001)-Zn and negatively charged (000-1)-O polar surfaces, resulting in a normal dipole moment and spontaneous polarization along the c-axis. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zinc oxide nanostructures Different techniques namely sol-gel, spray pyrolysis, hydrothermal method, electrospinning and thermal evaporation are prevalent for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and nanorods. The hydrothermal process is an environmentally friendly process and does not require a complex vacuum environment. The hydrothermal process is surface independent and provides good control over the morphology of the nanostructures. ZnO nanorods growth on glass substrates by thermal decomposition of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and zinc nitrate is reported by Baruah et al. Thermal degradation of HMT releases hydroxyl ions which react with Zn2+ ions from ZnO. The role of HMT is to supply the hydroxyl ions to drive the precipitation reaction. Sugunan et al, have proposed that HMT being a long chain polymer and a nonpolar chelating agent, gets preferentially attached to the non polar facets of the zincitie crystal thereby cutting off the access of Zn2+ ions to them leaving only the polar (001) face for epitaxial growth. Metal oxide nanostructure based conductometric gas sensors Zinc oxide Characterization of gas sensing properties of ZnO nanowires is reported by Ahn et.al. ZnO nanowires were fabricated by a selective growth method on patterned Au catalysts forming a nanobridge between two Pt pillar electrodes. The gas sensing properties were demonstrated using NO2 gas. The response as a function of temperature is shown to be highest at 225  °C and linearly increased with the concentration of NO2 in the range of 0.5 3ppm and saturated beyond this range. The sensor performance is also compared with ZnO nanocrystals, Sn and In doped ZnO thin film. Also the nanobridge structure is shown to have fast recovery behaviour because the desorbed gas molecules can be easily removed off from the nanowires surfaces. Lupan et.al demonstrated the gas sensing behaviour of Al doped ZnO films synthesized by successive chemical deposition method. Successive chemical solution deposition method was reported to be simple and requires non-sophisticated equipment to produce nanostructures with high efficiency. Nanostructured ZnO films doped with Al showed a high sensitivity to CO2 than undoped ZnO films. Characterization and gas sensing properties of ZnO hollow spheres is reported by Zhang et.al. Different concentrations of NH3 and NO2 at different temperatures were used to test the gas sensor. ZnO hollow sphere sensor exhibited extremely different sensing behaviors to NH3 and NO2. The optimum operating temperature of the sensor was 200  °C for NH3 and 240  °C for NO2 respectively. The gas sensor exhibited much higher response to NO2 than to other gases at 240  °C implying good selectivity and potential application of the sensor for detecting NO2. Tin oxide Law et.al, analyzed room temperature sensing properties of a single crystalline tin oxide nanowire sensor towards nitrogen dioxide. NO2 chemisorb strongly on SnO2 surface and at room temperature desorption is not complete when the NO2 is removed. UV light was used to activate both the adsorption and desorption process. In the dark, oxygen adsorbs on the surface capturing electrons from the semiconductor and creates a depletion layer. When exposed to UV, photo-generated holes migrate to the surface and recombine with electrons releasing oxygen ions, with an increase in conductance. The detection limit was 2 10 ppm of nitrogen dioxide. Kolmakov et.al studied the effect of catalysis in tin oxide single wire FET structures. The sensing capabilities of SnO2 single nano-wires and nanobelts in a FET configuration before and after functionalization with Pd catalyst was analysed. The improvement in the sensing performance after catalysation was reported to be the combined effect of spill-over of atomic oxygen formed catalytically on Pd clusters and migrating on SnO2 surface and also to the back spill-over effect in which weakly bound molecular oxygen migrates to Pd clusters and are catalytically dissociated. Indium oxide Indium oxide nanowires have been tested towards ethanol by Xiangfeng et.al. A mixture of In2O3 nanowire and polyvinyl alcohol solution was coated on alumina tubes with two gold contacts at the end; a heating wire was inserted in the tube to operate in the temperature range 100 500 °C. The resistance of the nanowires was monitored in presence of air, ethanol and other gases. The highest response was obtained with ethanol, the detection limit was estimated to be equal to 100 ppm. Molybdenum oxide Molybdenum oxide nanorods based gas sensing was reported. The MoO3 nanorods were characterized by high response to ethanol and CO at temperatures in the range of 100  °C. The response of thin films with the same structure was comparatively studied and nanorods based sensor resulted in one order of magnitude more sensitive due to the high surface to volume ratio and reduced lateral dimensions of the nanorods. Other metal oxides Sawicka et.al. presented the nitrogen sensing properties of tungsten oxide nanowires prepared with electrospinning. The effect of processing parameter variations was studied and a comparison with thin films prepared by sol-gel was also presented. WO3 nanowires showed better NO2 sensing performances compared to sol-gel processed films due to increase in surface area of nanowires. A large amount of literature is available on the gas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes. Only little attention is put in the studies of gas sensing properties of metal oxide based tubular structures. Varghese et.al. studied the hydrogen sensing properties of titania nano-tubes. The tests were performed in nitrogen atmosphere and 1% H2. The response time increased with temperature and the response time was 2-3 min. NO2 gas sensors based on ZnO nanostructures Liu et.al reported the NO2 gas sensing properties of vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays prepared by hydrothermal method with zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine. The seed layer was deposited by ultrasonic spary pyrolysis. The aqueous hydrothermal solution was prepared by mixing equimolar ratio of zinc acetate dehydrate and HMT. The hydrothermal growth was carried out in a Teflon-lined stainless container. The substrate was put in the solution with the seeded face down and the container was sealed and kept at 110 °C for three hours. The nanorod sensor shows a higher sensitivity than the ZnO film based sensor prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The enhanced sensitivity is attributed to the higher aspect ratio of the nanorod structure and the sensitivity increases with the length of the nanorod. The relative response of the sensor is linearly proportional to NO2 concentration in the 0.2 5 ppm range. The NO2 gas sensing properties of semiconducting type gas sensors with channels composed of non-agglomerated, necked ZnO nanoparticles were investigated by Jun et.al. The heat treatment of the nanoparticles at 400 °C led to their necking and coarsening. The slight necking of the nanoparticles with their neighbors also enhanced the conductivity of the channels, due to the lowering of the potential barrier. The response of the necked nanoparticle based sensor was reported to be as high as 100 when exposed to 0.2 ppm of NO2 at 200  °C. NO2 gas sensor based on ZnO nanorods grown by ultrasonic irradiation was reported to very high sensitivity with a very low detection limit of 10 ppb at 250 °C. Sonochemical route was employed for the fabrication of vertically aligned nanorods on a Pt electrode patterned alumina substrate. The total time requir

Nutrition and Exercise Reccomendations, Past and Present :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

Nutrition and Exercise Reccomendations, Past and Present Ancient Nutritionists Frank Katch, William McArdle, Victor Katch and James Freeman did research in 1998 that suggested that the first nutritionists came out of the early Olympics between the years of 776 BC and 393 AD. During this period paidotribes, which were private trainers or coaches, advised their athletes about the importance of food and exercise. One of these early coaches was Melesias. Melesias was one of the most educated nutritionists in his era. He coached 30 wrestling champions (Wolinsky p.8). They also reported that ancient scrolls and pictures showed that athletes followed plans of exercise, rest, massage, and diet for 10 consecutive months before their competition. The paidotribes would prescribe large amounts of food for boxers and wrestlers. Around 480 BC, Dromeus of Stymphalus, who was an Olympic champion in the long race twice, discovered a new diet of meat. Later, Herodicus of Selymbria modified this diet to change his own health. Gardiner, an ancient Greek, spoke of the new diet: The diet of the old athletes had been, like that of most Greek country folk, mainly vegetarian, consisting of figs, fresh cheese from the baskets, porridge, and meal cakes with only occasional meat as a relish, and wine. The frequently repeated statement that the athlete's diet was regulated by the law of the Games, and that he was not allowed to drink wine is entirely groundless. But shortly after the Persian Wars a change took place. A meat diet was introduced by some of the trainers. The object of the meat diet was to produce the bulk and strength supposed to be necessary for the boxer and the wrestler. In Greece classification by weight was unknown, and in boxing and wrestling the heavyweight has the advantage. Therefore, to produce bulk, the trainer prescribed enormous quantities of meat, which had to be counteracted by excessive exercise. Eating, sleeping, and exercise occupied the athlete's whole time and left little leisure for other pursuits (Wolinsky p.8). Nutrition in foods and beverages are still important for athletes and exercisers today. A few years ago body builders were the only people to take nutrition seriously (Bevereley 2000). John Anderson and Robert McMurray (1998) wrote that exercise and physical activity damage a person's muscles, tendons and ligaments. These tissues can be repaired quickly. Repair can take from a few minutes to few weeks. Good nutrition helps to aid in the repair of these tissues. Nutrition and Exercise Reccomendations, Past and Present :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays Nutrition and Exercise Reccomendations, Past and Present Ancient Nutritionists Frank Katch, William McArdle, Victor Katch and James Freeman did research in 1998 that suggested that the first nutritionists came out of the early Olympics between the years of 776 BC and 393 AD. During this period paidotribes, which were private trainers or coaches, advised their athletes about the importance of food and exercise. One of these early coaches was Melesias. Melesias was one of the most educated nutritionists in his era. He coached 30 wrestling champions (Wolinsky p.8). They also reported that ancient scrolls and pictures showed that athletes followed plans of exercise, rest, massage, and diet for 10 consecutive months before their competition. The paidotribes would prescribe large amounts of food for boxers and wrestlers. Around 480 BC, Dromeus of Stymphalus, who was an Olympic champion in the long race twice, discovered a new diet of meat. Later, Herodicus of Selymbria modified this diet to change his own health. Gardiner, an ancient Greek, spoke of the new diet: The diet of the old athletes had been, like that of most Greek country folk, mainly vegetarian, consisting of figs, fresh cheese from the baskets, porridge, and meal cakes with only occasional meat as a relish, and wine. The frequently repeated statement that the athlete's diet was regulated by the law of the Games, and that he was not allowed to drink wine is entirely groundless. But shortly after the Persian Wars a change took place. A meat diet was introduced by some of the trainers. The object of the meat diet was to produce the bulk and strength supposed to be necessary for the boxer and the wrestler. In Greece classification by weight was unknown, and in boxing and wrestling the heavyweight has the advantage. Therefore, to produce bulk, the trainer prescribed enormous quantities of meat, which had to be counteracted by excessive exercise. Eating, sleeping, and exercise occupied the athlete's whole time and left little leisure for other pursuits (Wolinsky p.8). Nutrition in foods and beverages are still important for athletes and exercisers today. A few years ago body builders were the only people to take nutrition seriously (Bevereley 2000). John Anderson and Robert McMurray (1998) wrote that exercise and physical activity damage a person's muscles, tendons and ligaments. These tissues can be repaired quickly. Repair can take from a few minutes to few weeks. Good nutrition helps to aid in the repair of these tissues.